The city of Parma, inhabited since prehistoric times, became in 183 BC a Roman colony along the Via Emilia. In 1106 Parma became a free Commune, ruled by several Consuls, after that by single families or Seignory. In 1545 Parma became the capital of the Duchy ruled by the Farnese family. In 1749, the Duchy of Parma was given to the House of Bourbon, and in 1814 to Marie Louise of Austria, second wife of Napoleon. In 1860 Parma became part of the Kingdom of Italy.